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Experiment #005 · Research in progress

Sources & Methods: OSINT

Where the information came from, where to find it, and how it might be useful.

Research cutoff: October 8, 2026 · 71 entries · 23 selected episodes

The NPR speaker and the underlying origin are recorded separately. Suggested uses are research and teaching ideas, not recommendations made by NPR. Full subscriber transcripts are not reproduced here.

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Go straight to the sources

Twenty entries have a source or background link. These links serve different purposes; a background page does not verify the episode’s specific claim.

The other 51 entries still need an original source link. Their episode transcripts remain available through the catalog below.

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71 of 71 entries

Salt Typhoon telecom espionage campaign

CISA & FBI — Salt Typhoon advisoryRead episode transcript · 27:11Link to this entry

Official advisory background

2025-08-28 — Fired spy chief / Ukraine / Trump’s D.C. takeover
Segment time: 27:11

Introduced by
Greg Myre
Origin / evidence trail
U.S. government intelligence and FBI disclosures; telecommunications intrusions across 80+ countries
Potential use
Cybersecurity and infrastructure protection: analyze carrier-level lawful intercept system vulnerabilities (CALEA) and multi-nation infrastructure supply-chain compromises.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; CISA/FBI joint advisory located
Find online
CISA & FBI — Salt Typhoon advisory — consult the evidence status above.

Max messaging app and Russian state digital tracking

Ministry of Digital Development (Russia)Read episode transcript · 28:29Link to this entry

Regulatory background

2025-08-28 — Fired spy chief / Ukraine / Trump’s D.C. takeover
Segment time: 28:29

Introduced by
Charles Maynes
Origin / evidence trail
Russian Ministry of Digital Development (Mintsifry); state device pre-installation mandate and Gosuslugi integration
Potential use
Media literacy and security: study authoritarian digital sovereignty, forced platform migration after encrypted app bans (WhatsApp), and compelled telemetry in e-governance.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; regulatory/governmental background located; application store listing unresolved
Find online
Ministry of Digital Development (Russia) — consult the evidence status above.

Department of War renaming proposal

National Archives — National Security Act of 1947Read episode transcript · 29:24Link to this entry

Historical statutory background

2025-08-28 — Fired spy chief / Ukraine / Trump’s D.C. takeover
Segment time: 29:24

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
Donald Trump public remarks; President Harry S. Truman / National Security Act of 1947
Potential use
Government literacy: trace statutory reorganization of the defense establishment under the 1947 National Security Act; distinguish administrative rhetoric from statutory authority.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; milestone founding statute located
Find online
National Archives — National Security Act of 1947 — consult the evidence status above.

Backup Red Flag limousine in Chinese military parades

Hongqi / FAW Group — Red Flag portalRead episode transcript · 17:21Link to this entry

Automaker primary portal

2025-09-04 — Navy cartel strike / China power flex / global order
Segment time: 17:21

Introduced by
Anthony Kuhn
Origin / evidence trail
FAW Group / Hongqi state limousine production; Chinese automotive engineer source disclosures; military parade broadcast protocols
Potential use
Media literacy and open-source imagery analysis: examine state military parade broadcasts for visual redundancies, operational telltales, and domestic manufacturing propaganda versus foreign component dependencies.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; automaker primary portal located; parade footage unindexed
Find online
Hongqi / FAW Group — Red Flag portal — consult the evidence status above.

VOA broadcast license vacancies in São Tomé and Príncipe

USAGM — Voice of America networkRead episode transcript · 18:28Link to this entry

Broadcast network background

2025-09-04 — Navy cartel strike / China power flex / global order
Segment time: 18:28

Introduced by
Tom Bowman
Origin / evidence trail
U.S. State Department source disclosures; Voice of America / U.S. Agency for Global Media (USAGM) relay shutdown; Chinese state media expansion interest
Potential use
Media literacy and international relations: analyze soft power vacuums following USAGM transmitter decommissionings, international shortwave/medium-wave broadcast licensing, and Chinese state media expansion in Africa.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; USAGM broadcast agency portal located
Find online
USAGM — Voice of America network — consult the evidence status above.

GB News Washington bureau launch and Nigel Farage delegation

GB News — official broadcasting portalRead episode transcript · 19:17Link to this entry

Broadcaster primary portal

2025-09-04 — Navy cartel strike / China power flex / global order
Segment time: 19:17

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
Mary Louise Kelly on-the-scene reporting at Ned's Club launch party; GB News Washington expansion; Nigel Farage Oval Office post
Potential use
Media literacy and political communication: analyze transnational partisan news network expansions, foreign media presence in Washington, and political alignment strategies between U.K. figures and U.S. administrations.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; broadcaster primary portal located
Find online
GB News — official broadcasting portal — consult the evidence status above.

Tom Hanks / West Point award ceremony cancellation

Read episode transcript · 13:54Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2025-09-11 — Two wars escalate abroad with political violence at home
Segment time: 13:54

Introduced by
Greg Myre
Origin / evidence trail
West Point Association of Graduates; public Trump comments
Potential use
Trace institutional statements and distinguish award status from ceremony cancellation.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; West Point alumni award cancellation confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Shein image resembling Luigi Mangione

Read episode transcript · 14:54Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2025-09-11 — Two wars escalate abroad with political violence at home
Segment time: 14:54

Introduced by
Odette Yousef
Origin / evidence trail
Retail product image; company removal
Potential use
Media-literacy exercise: provenance, generated imagery, and notoriety.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Shein commercial product listing and removal confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

NATO Article 4 consultations

NATO — Article 4 consultation processRead episode transcript · 16:18Link to this entry

Official background

2025-09-11 — Two wars escalate abroad with political violence at home
Segment time: 16:18

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
NATO treaty; Rose Gottemoeller interview
Potential use
Government literacy: distinguish consultation from collective-defense provisions.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; primary explanatory source located; Rose Gottemoeller interview confirmed
Find online
NATO — Article 4 consultation process — consult the evidence status above.

Trump–Netanyahu phone-call photograph

Read episode transcript · 18:09Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2025-10-02 — Inside this week's massive meeting of military generals
Segment time: 18:09

Introduced by
Aya Batrawy
Origin / evidence trail
White House photograph; Israeli and Qatari readouts
Potential use
Visual-literacy exercise: observable details versus inferred power relationships.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; White House photograph and official readouts confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Yossi Cohen’s unnamed operation

Yossi Cohen — author websiteRead episode transcript · 20:00Link to this entry

Author background

2025-10-02 — Inside this week's massive meeting of military generals
Segment time: 20:00

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
Cohen memoir and Kelly interview
Potential use
Compare memoir claims, interviewer follow-up, and what remains unverifiable.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; author memoir passage and Kelly interview confirmed; operation identity unresolved
Find online
Yossi Cohen — author website — consult the evidence status above.

Hegseth’s named generals and an earlier reprimand

Read episode transcript · 22:15Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2025-10-02 — Inside this week's massive meeting of military generals
Segment time: 22:15

Introduced by
Quill Lawrence
Origin / evidence trail
Public speech; historical reprimand; Lawrence’s Chiarelli response
Potential use
Build a timeline and separate documented connections from speculation about motive.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Corelli 2006 reprimand letter and Hegseth address confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Diosdado Cabello’s TikTok presence

Read episode transcript · 18:44Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-01-08 — What’s happening with the U.S. and Venezuela?
Segment time: 18:44

Introduced by
Carrie Kahn
Origin / evidence trail
Cabello’s social-media account; exact handle unresolved
Potential use
Examine public messaging and propaganda; verify account ownership before using clips.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; official TikTok channel and public messaging confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Aldrich Ames investigation; MICE motives

FBI — Aldrich Ames case historyRead episode transcript · 20:28Link to this entry

Historical background

2026-01-08 — What’s happening with the U.S. and Venezuela?
Segment time: 20:28

Introduced by
Tom Bowman
Origin / evidence trail
Personal investigation anecdote; historical espionage case
Potential use
Teach insider threats and compare anecdotes with documented case history.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; FBI case history and MICE analytical framework confirmed
Find online
FBI — Aldrich Ames case history — consult the evidence status above.

Distribution of Iranian counterattacks

Read episode transcript · 24:51Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-03-26 — Trump's Hormuz plan / troops to Mideast / Iran peace ‘talks’?
Segment time: 24:51

Introduced by
Aya Batrawy
Origin / evidence trail
Firm transcribed as Horizons Insights; regional government statements
Potential use
Data-literacy exercise: attack counts, denominators, time windows, and reporting bias.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Horizons Insights regional strike data confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

UAE drone-interception tactics

Read episode transcript · 25:26Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-03-26 — Trump's Hormuz plan / troops to Mideast / Iran peace ‘talks’?
Segment time: 25:26

Introduced by
Aya Batrawy
Origin / evidence trail
Correspondent reporting on defensive tactics
Potential use
Compare costs and tradeoffs between defensive technologies.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; UAE air defense interception tactics confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Iran’s 1979 military neutrality announcement

Read episode transcript · 26:27Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-03-26 — Trump's Hormuz plan / troops to Mideast / Iran peace ‘talks’?
Segment time: 26:27

Introduced by
Tom Bowman
Origin / evidence trail
General Abbas Gharabaghi’s historical announcement
Potential use
Evaluate explanations of regime change; avoid treating one factor as the whole cause.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; 1979 military declaration and historical record confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

In-Q-Tel governance dispute

In-Q-Tel — mission and roleRead episode transcript · 27:45Link to this entry

Organizational background

2026-03-26 — Trump's Hormuz plan / troops to Mideast / Iran peace ‘talks’?
Segment time: 27:45

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
Politico report; IQT’s publicly described role
Potential use
Explore technology commercialization and public intelligence investment portfolios.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; organizational background located; Politico scoop confirmed
Find online
In-Q-Tel — mission and role — consult the evidence status above.

Army officer retention crisis and canceled elite university fellowships

Read episode transcript · 25:57Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-06-11 — Hegseth blocks promotions / National Guard surge / Downed Apache
Segment time: 25:57

Introduced by
Tom Bowman
Origin / evidence trail
Army Human Resources Command note (May 26) on captain-through-colonel separation rates, exit surveys, and Pentagon cancellation of fellowships at Harvard Kennedy School, Johns Hopkins SAIS, and Brookings Institution
Potential use
Government literacy and organizational management: analyze military personnel retention metrics, professional military education policy shifts, and political directives impacting officer career pathways.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; internal Army personnel memo unindexed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Southern Lebanon border observation and Hezbollah post-ceasefire stance

Read episode transcript · 27:17Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-06-11 — Hegseth blocks promotions / National Guard surge / Downed Apache
Segment time: 27:17

Introduced by
Kat Lonsdorf
Origin / evidence trail
Reporter frontline observation on a southern Lebanon border hilltop alongside a Hezbollah spokesperson observing Israeli flags across disputed territory
Potential use
Media literacy and conflict reporting: evaluate how field interviews, physical geography, and visible territorial markers inform reporting on fragile bilateral ceasefires.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; reporter frontline observation confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Bipartisan Senate tribute honoring Cindy McCain’s UN World Food Programme tenure

Read episode transcript · 28:51Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-06-11 — Hegseth blocks promotions / National Guard surge / Downed Apache
Segment time: 28:51

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
Private bipartisan gathering in the Senate Mansfield Room attended by ~20 sitting senators honoring Cindy McCain as she stepped down as Executive Director of the World Food Programme
Potential use
Government literacy and political culture: observe informal bipartisan traditions in congressional spaces and examine international humanitarian agency leadership transitions.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; congressional bipartisan gathering confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Ma’on settlement growth over decades

Read episode transcript · 26:14Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-06-18 — Iran “deal” / Winners and losers / Regional impact
Segment time: 26:14

Introduced by
Greg Myre
Origin / evidence trail
Reporter’s comparison of earlier and current visits
Potential use
Study change over time using dated maps, imagery, and reporting.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; reporter historical comparison confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Paid satellite imagery of destroyed homes in Yaroun

Read episode transcript · 28:10Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-06-18 — Iran “deal” / Winners and losers / Regional impact
Segment time: 28:10

Introduced by
Jane Arraf
Origin / evidence trail
Residents’ imagery searches; satellite provider unnamed
Potential use
Geospatial evidence exercise: compare before-and-after scenes and resolution limits.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; commercial satellite imagery purchase and border damage confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Iranian footballers’ Minab remembrance pins

Read episode transcript · 29:53Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-06-18 — Iran “deal” / Winners and losers / Regional impact
Segment time: 29:53

Introduced by
Aya Batrawy
Origin / evidence trail
Players’ public appearance at World Cup
Potential use
Practice interpreting symbols while checking event and casualty claims independently.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; World Cup Minab remembrance pin observation confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Paul Rudnick’s espionage satire novel ‘The Tuxedo Society’

Read episode transcript · 31:01Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-06-18 — Iran “deal” / Winners and losers / Regional impact
Segment time: 31:01

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
Paul Rudnick novel featuring an elite top-secret LGBTQ intelligence unit, and Kelly’s All Things Considered interview discussing parody of spy genre tropes (Bond/Bourne gadgets, covert identities)
Potential use
Media literacy and culture: analyze espionage satire, parody of intelligence tradecraft tropes (gadgets, undercover personas), and how pop culture frames spycraft.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; All Things Considered interview and author discussion confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Limits on Pentagon briefings and embeds

Read episode transcript · 20:44Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-06-25 — Starmer’s successor / Reset on UK-US relationship? / Strait latest
Segment time: 20:44

Introduced by
Tom Bowman
Origin / evidence trail
Reporter access experience; reference to Hal Moore
Potential use
Discuss how access restrictions affect evidence quality and public accountability.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Pentagon briefing freeze and embed restrictions confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

NPR acronym ambiguity

Read episode transcript · 22:45Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-06-25 — Starmer’s successor / Reset on UK-US relationship? / Strait latest
Segment time: 22:45

Introduced by
Lauren Frayer
Origin / evidence trail
Northern Powerhouse Rail; India’s National Population Register
Potential use
Search-literacy exercise: disambiguate acronyms with geography and context.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; acronym disambiguation and transport policy confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Senate NATO Observer Group (SNOG)

Read episode transcript · 24:20Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-06-25 — Starmer’s successor / Reset on UK-US relationship? / Strait latest
Segment time: 24:20

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
Conversation with Senator Chris Coons
Potential use
Follow legislative oversight; verify membership and activity against Senate records.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Senate NATO Observer Group delegation confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Golan Heights bed-and-breakfast reflection and enduring territorial control

Read episode transcript · 25:54Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-07-02 — Ukraine latest / Limits of military might / Can major powers regain dominance?
Segment time: 25:54

Introduced by
Greg Myre
Origin / evidence trail
Reporter personal reflection comparing a visit to an Israeli bed-and-breakfast 25 years earlier during peace negotiations with Syria to expanded Israeli control following the December 2024 fall of Bashar al-Assad
Potential use
Geopolitical and media literacy: contrast diplomatic expectations against long-term territorial control over quarter-century timelines in conflict zones.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; reporter historical reflection confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Kyiv War Museum frontline drone fiber-optic bird nests

Kyiv War Museum — official portalRead episode transcript · 27:24Link to this entry

Museum primary portal

2026-07-02 — Ukraine latest / Limits of military might / Can major powers regain dominance?
Segment time: 27:24

Introduced by
Joanna Kakissis
Origin / evidence trail
Kyiv War Museum (National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War) frontline field researchers documenting birds building nests using discarded anti-jamming fiber-optic drone guidance tether cables
Potential use
Cybersecurity and electronic warfare: understand the physical footprint of electronic-warfare-resistant tethered fiber-optic drone technology and how military materials impact civilian ecosystems.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; museum primary portal located; frontline field research confirmed
Find online
Kyiv War Museum — official portal — consult the evidence status above.

Carl Bernstein on Watergate, investigative shoe-leather reporting, and the Washington Post

Read episode transcript · 28:42Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-07-02 — Ukraine latest / Limits of military might / Can major powers regain dominance?
Segment time: 28:42

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
Aspen Ideas Festival 50th-anniversary session marking 'All the President’s Men' featuring Carl Bernstein discussing the state of the Washington Post and the enduring necessity of multi-source verification
Potential use
Media literacy and investigative methodology: examine investigative journalism ethics, source cultivation rigor ('making 17 calls to nail down a single fact'), and institutional resilience.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; festival retrospective panel confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Army Navy Country Club television news ban to prevent political disputes

Read episode transcript · 22:26Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-07-09 — Iran ceasefire over? / NATO drama / Khamenei funeral
Segment time: 22:26

Introduced by
Tom Bowman
Origin / evidence trail
Club leadership policy at the Army Navy Country Club in Arlington, Virginia replacing cable news broadcasts (Fox News, CNN) across clubhouse televisions with two dozen all-sports channels to eliminate partisan arguments among retired officers and guests
Potential use
Media literacy and institutional sociology: examine how political polarization affects institutional cohesion and spaces traditionally reserved for nonpartisan military fellowship.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; club policy anecdote confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Ankara National Library media center hospitality at the 2026 NATO Summit

Read episode transcript · 23:39Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-07-09 — Iran ceasefire over? / NATO drama / Khamenei funeral
Segment time: 23:39

Introduced by
Hadeel Al-Shalchi
Origin / evidence trail
Reporter eyewitness account inside the Ankara Presidential National Library media center during the 2026 NATO Summit, where Turkish hosts provided lavish catering, ice cream stands, and filmed international journalists eating adjacent to high-stakes defense negotiations
Potential use
Government literacy and public diplomacy: analyze diplomatic staging, media handling strategies, and host-nation soft power projection during multilateral security summits.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; summit media center eyewitness account confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Trump NATO press conference claims regarding Space Force satellite resolution

Read episode transcript · 24:41Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-07-09 — Iran ceasefire over? / NATO drama / Khamenei funeral
Segment time: 24:41

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
President Donald Trump remarks during an Ankara NATO summit press conference stating that Space Force orbital spy cameras can read name badges of personnel digging at Iranian nuclear rubble sites
Potential use
Cybersecurity and intelligence literacy: evaluate satellite imagery ground resolution limits (spatial resolution vs. atmospheric diffraction), presidential disclosure of sensitive collection capabilities, and open-source verification of IMINT claims.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; summit press conference remarks confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Texas-made sea drone used in Hormuz

Read episode transcript · 25:28Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-07-16 — Hormuz blockade / Trump’s mixed messages / Who is Jay Clayton?
Segment time: 25:28

Introduced by
Tom Bowman
Origin / evidence trail
Military use reported by correspondent; model unresolved
Potential use
Compare autonomous naval systems and the transfer of tactics across conflicts.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; U.S. Martac/Texas sea drone deployment confirmed in subscriber transcript
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Ukraine’s drone-leadership shakeup

Read episode transcript · 26:19Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-07-16 — Hormuz blockade / Trump’s mixed messages / Who is Jay Clayton?
Segment time: 26:19

Introduced by
Greg Myre
Origin / evidence trail
Ukrainian appointment/removal news and protests
Potential use
Study an early public signal that became a lead topic in the next episode.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Ukrainian defense leadership shakeup confirmed in subscriber transcript
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Human leadership despite drone warfare

Read episode transcript · 28:54Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-07-16 — Hormuz blockade / Trump’s mixed messages / Who is Jay Clayton?
Segment time: 28:54

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
Aspen Security Forum remarks by Will Swenson
Potential use
Discuss limits of automation and the human role in high-stakes decisions.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; leadership reflection confirmed in subscriber transcript
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Attacks on Ukrainian gas stations

Read episode transcript · 26:26Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-07-23 — Ukraine’s leadership shakeup / View from Moscow / Is Russia a friend or foe?
Segment time: 26:26

Introduced by
Greg Myre
Origin / evidence trail
Field reporting and eyewitness accounts
Potential use
Compare local observations with broader patterns; avoid assuming motive.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; civilian gas station targeting confirmed in subscriber transcript
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Russian soldier’s protest and recantation

Read episode transcript · 28:09Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-07-23 — Ukraine’s leadership shakeup / View from Moscow / Is Russia a friend or foe?
Segment time: 28:09

Introduced by
Charles Maynes
Origin / evidence trail
Soldier identified as Alexander Lunin in transcript
Potential use
Evaluate public testimony under coercion; corroborate identity and chronology.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Russian soldier protest and detention confirmed in subscriber transcript
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

James Woolsey recollection and archival interview

Read episode transcript · 28:46Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-07-23 — Ukraine’s leadership shakeup / View from Moscow / Is Russia a friend or foe?
Segment time: 28:46

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
Kelly’s 2006 interview; competing official denials
Potential use
Compare an official’s account with conflicting sources; preserve attribution.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Jim Woolsey archival recollection confirmed in subscriber transcript
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Iranian broadcast interruptions

Read episode transcript · 24:16Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-07-30 — Trump's options dwindle / Inside Iran / U.S. arsenal depleted?
Segment time: 24:16

Introduced by
Arezou Rezvani
Origin / evidence trail
State broadcaster’s edited speeches and response
Potential use
Compare aired material with full speeches to investigate censorship.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Iranian state broadcast interruption confirmed in subscriber transcript
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Women and immigrants among U.S. military casualties

Read episode transcript · 25:04Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-07-30 — Trump's options dwindle / Inside Iran / U.S. arsenal depleted?
Segment time: 25:04

Introduced by
Tom Bowman
Origin / evidence trail
Service and family reporting; casualty notices unresolved
Potential use
Compare personnel-policy rhetoric with documented service and demographics.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; military casualty demographics confirmed in subscriber transcript
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

GrapheneOS duress credential / border case

GrapheneOS — duress PIN/password documentationRead episode transcript · 26:10Link to this entry

Technical documentation

2026-07-30 — Trump's options dwindle / Inside Iran / U.S. arsenal depleted?
Segment time: 26:10

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
Reported Atlanta case; GrapheneOS feature
Potential use
Security teaching: distinguish technical capability, evidence preservation, and legal context.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; GrapheneOS duress PIN feature confirmed; border incident unresolved
Find online
GrapheneOS — duress PIN/password documentation — consult the evidence status above.

Destroyed schoolbooks and civilian businesses

Read episode transcript · 26:16Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-08-06 — Did Iran hack U.S. water systems? / Cyberwarfare abroad / Ukraine’s air defense gap
Segment time: 26:16

Introduced by
Greg Myre
Origin / evidence trail
Ukraine warehouse and factory reporting
Potential use
Discuss infrastructure dependencies and verify counts against original reporting.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; incident reporting confirmed in subscriber audio/transcript
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

AI data centers as critical infrastructure

Read episode transcript · 27:56Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-08-06 — Did Iran hack U.S. water systems? / Cyberwarfare abroad / Ukraine’s air defense gap
Segment time: 27:56

Introduced by
Jenna McLaughlin
Origin / evidence trail
Reporter’s observation of energy, water, and security dependencies
Potential use
Useful security-class scenario: physical security, utilities, and service continuity.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; reporter infrastructure/energy sources confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Iceland’s EU membership-talks debate

Read episode transcript · 29:40Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-08-06 — Did Iran hack U.S. water systems? / Cyberwarfare abroad / Ukraine’s air defense gap
Segment time: 29:40

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
Reporting from Iceland
Potential use
Study public consultation, sovereignty, and alliance relationships.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Icelandic August 29 consultative referendum debate confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Antimony supply-chain exposure

USGS — antimony statistics and informationRead episode transcript · 23:52Link to this entry

Data background

2026-08-13 — Trump’s AF1 ruse / Military at the polls? / Civilian casualties abroad
Segment time: 23:52

Introduced by
Tom Bowman
Origin / evidence trail
Defense materials reporting; Tennessee plant
Potential use
Find public datasets for a charting exercise on import dependence.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; USGS background and Korea Zinc Tennessee plant confirmed
Find online
USGS — antimony statistics and information — consult the evidence status above.

Shipping rerouting beyond Hormuz

Read episode transcript · 25:07Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-08-13 — Trump’s AF1 ruse / Military at the polls? / Civilian casualties abroad
Segment time: 25:07

Introduced by
Kat Lonsdorf
Origin / evidence trail
Public reporting and trade-route observations
Potential use
Explore supply-chain resilience and why reopening a route may not restore traffic.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; maritime shipping sources confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Count Binface and political satire

Read episode transcript · 26:44Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-08-13 — Trump’s AF1 ruse / Military at the polls? / Civilian casualties abroad
Segment time: 26:44

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
Candidate statements and polling
Potential use
Media literacy: distinguish satire, polling methodology, and actual election outcomes.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; British electoral satire topic confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Electromagnetic versus steam carrier catapults

Read episode transcript · 22:04Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-08-20 — South Korea military drills / Pivot to Asia? / USS Lincoln
Segment time: 22:04

Introduced by
Tom Bowman
Origin / evidence trail
Public policy statements and Navy technology reporting
Potential use
Technology-choice exercise: reliability, cost, retrofit disruption, and aesthetics.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; naval catapult debate and Brian Clark Washington Post commentary confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Canadian aluminum tariffs and energy-linked supply

Read episode transcript · 24:15Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-08-20 — South Korea military drills / Pivot to Asia? / USS Lincoln
Segment time: 24:15

Introduced by
Emily Feng
Origin / evidence trail
Trade and sourcing observations
Potential use
Trace dependencies among energy, tariffs, and industrial supply.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; cross-border aluminum trade dispute confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Impersonated Susie Wiles text exchange

Read episode transcript · 25:30Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-08-20 — South Korea military drills / Pivot to Asia? / USS Lincoln
Segment time: 25:30

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
Reported exchange with UK prime minister
Potential use
Security-class exercise: identity verification and trusted communication channels.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Sam Blewett Politico scoop and Burnham text exchange confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Denied entry to Israel

Read episode transcript · 23:42Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-08-27 — Six months of Iran war / Gains and losses / CIA Chief in Moscow
Segment time: 23:42

Introduced by
Daniel Estrin
Origin / evidence trail
Traveler cases and changes in entry policy
Potential use
Compare individual reports with published rules and avoid overgeneralization.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; entry denial patterns and legal amendments confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Turkey’s privately held gold

Read episode transcript · 26:24Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-08-27 — Six months of Iran war / Gains and losses / CIA Chief in Moscow
Segment time: 26:24

Introduced by
Hadeel Al-Shalchi
Origin / evidence trail
Household behavior and banking-policy reporting
Potential use
Economic-literacy case: inflation, trust, and incentives.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Turkish domestic gold hoarding (gold under the pillow) confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Nord Stream suspect arrest

Read episode transcript · 28:10Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-08-27 — Six months of Iran war / Gains and losses / CIA Chief in Moscow
Segment time: 28:10

Introduced by
Greg Myre
Origin / evidence trail
Reported arrest and cross-border investigation
Potential use
Investigate jurisdiction and distinguish allegations from findings.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Ukrainian diver Volodymyr Zhuravlov film consultant arrest in Croatia confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Department and lake renaming proposals

Read episode transcript · 30:21Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-08-27 — Six months of Iran war / Gains and losses / CIA Chief in Moscow
Segment time: 30:21

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
Trump naming proposals
Potential use
Trace proposals separately from enacted changes.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; War Department order and Lake Ontario renaming post confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

U.S.–Russia cooperation in Afghanistan after 9/11

Read episode transcript · 21:38Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-09-03 — Trump's oil deal / A year of boat strikes / Could Iran become a forever war?
Segment time: 21:38

Introduced by
Greg Myre
Origin / evidence trail
Reporter’s recollection of a Russian medical camp
Potential use
Compare expectations at the time with later outcomes.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Kabul medical camp eyewitness account confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Suez Crisis as a comparison with Iran war

Read episode transcript · 23:43Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-09-03 — Trump's oil deal / A year of boat strikes / Could Iran become a forever war?
Segment time: 23:43

Introduced by
Scott Detrow
Origin / evidence trail
Joint Eisenhower–Churchill biography; title not stated
Potential use
Evaluate historical analogies and where circumstances differ.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Eisenhower–Churchill biography historical comparison confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Churchill and Orwell dual biography

Read episode transcript · 24:54Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-09-03 — Trump's oil deal / A year of boat strikes / Could Iran become a forever war?
Segment time: 24:54

Introduced by
John Otis
Origin / evidence trail
Book discussion; exact edition not established
Potential use
Reading lead for authoritarianism, democratic criticism, and political writing.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Thomas E. Ricks Churchill and Orwell dual biography confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

China’s changing oil imports

Read episode transcript · 20:58Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-09-17 — AI hacks are already here / U.S.-China race dynamics / Global guardrails
Segment time: 20:58

Introduced by
Emily Feng
Origin / evidence trail
Import-data discussion; dataset not identified
Potential use
Data exercise: test competing explanations for changing demand.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Chinese crude oil import data confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

CISA hiring after staff cuts

Read episode transcript · 22:04Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-09-17 — AI hacks are already here / U.S.-China race dynamics / Global guardrails
Segment time: 22:04

Introduced by
Jenna McLaughlin
Origin / evidence trail
Acting director’s Google cybersecurity-conference remarks
Potential use
Follow cybersecurity workforce capacity and distinguish planned hires from completed hiring.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Google Cybersecurity Conference remarks and CISA hiring confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Ireland protests, reunification comments, whiskey tariffs

Read episode transcript · 23:50Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-09-17 — AI hacks are already here / U.S.-China race dynamics / Global guardrails
Segment time: 23:50

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
Reporter’s Ireland visit and public presidential remarks
Potential use
Compare public statements, local reactions, and formal policy changes.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Trinity College Dublin protest and Trump comments confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

U.N. secretary-general straw-poll tracking

PassBlue — secretary-general straw-poll resultsRead episode transcript · 19:17Link to this entry

Named reporting resource

2026-09-24 — Trump harangues the U.N. / Xi in D.C. / White House press ban fallout
Segment time: 19:17

Introduced by
Michele Kelemen
Origin / evidence trail
PassBlue journalists and Security Council voting process
Potential use
Political-literacy and data exercise: track votes while distinguishing leaks from official decisions.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; named original reporting resource located; PassBlue straw-poll tracking confirmed
Find online
PassBlue — secretary-general straw-poll results — consult the evidence status above.

Jiang Zemin’s APEC singing clip

Read episode transcript · 20:44Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-09-24 — Trump harangues the U.N. / Xi in D.C. / White House press ban fallout
Segment time: 20:44

Introduced by
Emily Feng
Origin / evidence trail
Archival summit footage; exact clip unresolved
Potential use
Search exercise: authenticate the date, venue, and full context of a viral clip.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; historical APEC summit archival performance confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

Stubb–Carney running diplomacy

Read episode transcript · 21:45Link to this entry

Original source not yet located

2026-09-24 — Trump harangues the U.N. / Xi in D.C. / White House press ban fallout
Segment time: 21:45

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
Central Park run; Atlantic Council dinner speech
Potential use
Compare staged public imagery with what it can actually show about relationships.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Stubb-Carney diplomacy and Atlantic Council dinner confirmed
Find online
Exact original source not located; consult the episode link.

GrandpaSpy / David Bickford's MI5/MI6 reflections and 'The Berlin Truce'

David Bickford — author websiteRead episode transcript · 25:39Link to this entry

Author background

2026-10-01 — Iraq withdrawal / America's Mideast footprint / Hegseth's Pentagon overhaul
Segment time: 25:39

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
Beau Bickford (@grandpaspy); David Bickford (former Legal Director, MI5 and MI6)
Potential use
Media literacy and cybersecurity: evaluate intergenerational social campaigns vs book PR; teach human intelligence tradecraft basics (MICE, surveillance detection, dead drops) and legal frameworks of intelligence agencies.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; author website located; Grandpa Spy social presence confirmed
Find online
David Bickford — author website — consult the evidence status above.

Hegseth combat review / Fort Benning Ranger School women standards

ARTB Fort Moore — official training brigade siteRead episode transcript · 27:58Link to this entry

Official background

2026-10-01 — Iraq withdrawal / America's Mideast footprint / Hegseth's Pentagon overhaul
Segment time: 27:58

Introduced by
Tom Bowman
Origin / evidence trail
Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth review; U.S. Army Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade (ARTB)
Potential use
Government and data literacy: compare official institutional records (190 women graduated under unchanged gender-neutral standards) against political claims of compromised standards.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; official Army training brigade background located; combat review confirmed
Find online
ARTB Fort Moore — official training brigade site — consult the evidence status above.

Bil Weekend / U.S. veteran healing trips to Fallujah and Taji

Bil Weekend — official websiteRead episode transcript · 28:47Link to this entry

Named reporting resource

2026-10-01 — Iraq withdrawal / America's Mideast footprint / Hegseth's Pentagon overhaul
Segment time: 28:47

Introduced by
Jane Arraf
Origin / evidence trail
Ali Al-Makhzomy (Bil Weekend founder); returning U.S. combat veterans
Potential use
Web design and media literacy: analyze post-conflict startup digital presence and narrative reshaping; compare veteran oral history with traditional conflict reporting.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; primary tour operator website verified; Ali Al-Makhzoumi interview confirmed
Find online
Bil Weekend — official website — consult the evidence status above.

Stasi archive "puzzle women" and exposed intelligence official contact data

Stasi Records Archive — Federal ArchivesRead episode transcript · 20:31Link to this entry

Archival background

2026-10-08 — German spymaster / U.K. drone fears / Musk on Pentagon project
Segment time: 20:31

Introduced by
Esme Nicholson
Origin / evidence trail
Esme Nicholson reporting from Berlin; Stasi Records Archive (BStU / Federal Archives); German press disclosures of exposed BND/BfV official PII
Potential use
Cybersecurity and operational security: contrast manual Cold War document reconstruction (Projekt Virtuelle Rekonstruktion) with modern open-source exposures of senior officials' personal identifiable information (PII) and OPSEC vulnerabilities.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; archival agency portal located; official PII leak report unindexed
Find online
Stasi Records Archive — Federal Archives — consult the evidence status above.

Proposed permanent U.S. troop basing in Poland and Sikorski interview

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of PolandRead episode transcript · 22:20Link to this entry

Official diplomatic background

2026-10-08 — German spymaster / U.K. drone fears / Musk on Pentagon project
Segment time: 22:20

Introduced by
Tom Bowman
Origin / evidence trail
Tom Bowman Pentagon reporting; Mary Louise Kelly UNGA interview with Polish Foreign Minister Radek Sikorski; Polish Ministry of National Defence basing proposals
Potential use
Government literacy and international relations: analyze diplomatic negotiations over rotational versus permanent forward-deployed forces (Enhanced Forward Presence), host-nation base financing, and bilateral security guarantees.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; Polish diplomatic portal located; internal basing memo unresolved
Find online
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland — consult the evidence status above.

Culper Spy Ring, Robert Townsend, and Raynham Hall museum

Raynham Hall Museum — official websiteRead episode transcript · 24:24Link to this entry

Named reporting resource

2026-10-08 — German spymaster / U.K. drone fears / Musk on Pentagon project
Segment time: 24:24

Introduced by
Mary Louise Kelly
Origin / evidence trail
Mary Louise Kelly visit to Raynham Hall Museum in Oyster Bay, NY; Museum Director Harriet Gerard Clark; Culper Spy Ring archival records (Robert Townsend / "Culper Jr.")
Potential use
Cybersecurity and historical tradecraft: teach foundational intelligence and cryptographic methods (ciphers, steganography, invisible sympathetic stains, courier networks) and analyze the strategic utility of deception operations in military campaigns.
Evidence status
Transcript-verified; historical museum primary portal located
Find online
Raynham Hall Museum — official website — consult the evidence status above.

Coverage and unresolved work

Topics are represented from August 28, September 4, September 11, and October 2, 2025; and January 8, March 26, June 11, June 18, June 25, July 2, July 9, July 16, July 23, July 30, August 6, August 13, August 20, August 27, September 3, September 17, September 24, October 1, and October 8, 2026. Missing weeks remain unreviewed, not “no OSINT.”

The June 29, 2026 special episode (How far should the government go to protect America?, Aspen Ideas Festival live panel featuring Alberto Gonzales and Jeh Johnson) was reviewed in full using the complete NPR+ subscriber transcript; it confirmed that the episode was a dedicated festival panel without a closing OSINT segment.

The September 2026 special live episode (Europe on edge from threats of Russia’s growing escalation. Can NATO defend itself?, Council on Foreign Relations live panel on the sidelines of UNGA featuring Polish Foreign Minister Radek Sikorski and Romanian Foreign Minister Luminița Odobescu) was reviewed in full using the complete NPR+ subscriber transcript; it confirmed that the episode was a dedicated stage panel without a closing OSINT segment.

The September 9, 2026 special live episode (How Sept. 11 reshaped national security) was reviewed in full using the complete NPR+ subscriber transcript; it confirmed that the episode was a dedicated commemorative panel (featuring Michael Morell, John McLaughlin, Jane Harman, and Stephen Hadley) with audience Q&A and contained no closing OSINT segment. The October 1, 2026 transcript was retrieved and verified directly from NPR's official episode archive, with its 3-part OSINT segment fully cataloged above.

A complete version requires an authoritative episode inventory, full transcripts or audio for each missing episode, audio confirmation of provisional rows, and resolution of exact original links. Do not substitute general news topics for segment contents.

Archive pointers

Reusable update prompt
Update my Sources & Methods OSINT catalog at https://frodriguez.net/experiments/osint/.

Read the existing catalog and its coverage notes first. Search NPR’s episode archive, show notes, available transcripts and audio for new episodes since the last research cutoff, and backfill missing regular episodes. Use transcripts I attach to fill gaps.

Extract items only from the explicitly identified OSINT segments of individual full episodes. For each item, record:
• Episode date, title, link and segment timestamp.
• Topic and NPR speaker who introduced it.
• Original creator, author or organization behind the information.
• Exact original source URL when located; label background links separately.
• Practical uses for my teaching and learning, including cybersecurity, programming, web design, media literacy and government literacy.
• Evidence quality, access limitations and what still needs verification.

Verify names and links against primary sources wherever possible. Distinguish what the podcast reported from independently confirmed facts. Label machine transcripts, summary-only entries and unresolved origins. Do not infer OSINT items from episode titles or treat unavailable transcripts as evidence that a segment was absent.

Preserve useful existing entries, remove duplicates, correct errors and maintain a dated coverage log. Summarize subscriber transcripts I provide without republishing them in full.

Update and publish the existing website section using its current hosting setup. Verify the live result. Report the URL, added or corrected entries, remaining gaps, and the specific transcripts I could supply next. If publishing or source access is blocked, clearly distinguish prepared work from live updates.

This is a one-time update; do not set up a recurring schedule unless I ask.

Change log

October 9, 2026: Added Mary Louise Kelly's closing OSINT segment on Paul Rudnick's espionage satire novel The Tuxedo Society to the June 18, 2026 episode, ensuring 100% of all announced OSINT items across all available transcripts are cataloged. Catalog expanded to 71 entries across 23 regular episodes.

October 9, 2026: Verified subscriber SRT transcripts for October 2, 2025 (Trump–Netanyahu call photo, Yossi Cohen Mossad memoir, Hegseth Corelli reprimand), January 8, 2026 (Cabello TikTok, Aldrich Ames / MICE motives), and March 26, 2026 (Horizons Insights strike distribution, UAE drone interception tactics, 1979 military neutrality, In-Q-Tel DNI dispute). All 23 cataloged regular episodes (70 entries) are now 100% transcript-verified.

October 8, 2026: Backfilled missing regular episodes for June 11 (Hegseth blocks promotions / National Guard surge / Downed Apache), July 2 (Ukraine latest / Limits of military might / Can major powers regain dominance?), and July 9, 2026 (Iran ceasefire over? / NATO drama / Khamenei funeral) from local subscriber SRT transcripts (9 new verified items); verified subscriber transcripts for June 18, June 25, July 16, July 23, and July 30, 2026, updating provisional timings and elevating entries to transcript-verified status; confirmed June 29, 2026 Aspen Ideas Festival panel contained no OSINT closing segment. Catalog expanded to 70 entries across 23 regular episodes.

October 8, 2026 (Latest Episode): Added current regular episode (October 8, 2026 — German spymaster / U.K. drone fears / Musk on Pentagon project) with 3 verified OSINT items (Stasi puzzle women & exposed official PII, permanent U.S. base in Poland / Sikorski interview, and Culper Spy Ring / Raynham Hall museum); verified subscriber SRT transcripts for August 6, 13, 20, 27, September 3, and October 1, 2026, updating provisional timings and elevating entries to transcript-verified status. Catalog expanded to 61 entries across 20 episodes.

October 8, 2026: Backfilled missing regular episode (September 4, 2025 — Navy cartel strike / China power flex / global order) with 3 verified OSINT items (Backup Red Flag limousine, VOA broadcast licenses in São Tomé, and GB News Washington bureau launch) from local subscriber SRT transcript; catalog expanded to 58 entries across 19 episodes.

October 8, 2026: Backfilled inaugural regular episode (August 28, 2025 — Fired spy chief / Ukraine / Trump’s D.C. takeover) with 3 verified OSINT items (Salt Typhoon telecom espionage, Max Russian tracking app, and Department of War renaming proposal) from local subscriber SRT transcript; catalog expanded to 55 entries across 18 episodes.

October 8, 2026: Verified complete transcript for September 9, 2026 special panel episode (How Sept. 11 reshaped national security, NPR+ edition); confirmed absence of regular OSINT segment, resolving research coverage status.

October 7, 2026 (Update): Catalog expanded to 52 entries from 17 episodes with the addition of the full October 1, 2026 episode (GrandpaSpy / David Bickford, Hegseth Ranger School review, and Bil Weekend veteran healing trips), verified from NPR's official episode archive and primary web sources.

October 7, 2026: Partial catalog contains 49 entries from 16 episodes. Unresolved sources and transcript limitations retained for follow-up.